Beowulf

: Highly regarded modern versions include those by Seamus Heaney and J.R.R. Tolkien , the latter of whom was a leading scholar of the poem [20, 28, 40].

: The poem emphasizes strength, courage, and loyalty to one's lord [30, 41]. Beowulf's reputation is built on his heroic deeds and his adherence to these ideals [41]. Beowulf

: A pervasive sense of fate looms over the poem, suggesting that while heroes can achieve glory, death and the eventual fall of kingdoms are inevitable [11, 23]. : Highly regarded modern versions include those by