: Specialized software identifies and isolates relevant anatomy from the imaging data.

3D printing for heart valve disease: a systematic review - PMC

: Common technologies include Stereolithography (SLA) , PolyJet (noted for high accuracy and material flexibility), and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) . Primary Clinical Applications

The field of has rapidly evolved from a niche research interest into a transformative clinical tool. Recent academic literature, such as Cardiovascular 3D Printing Techniques and Clinical Application , explores how patient-specific models are revolutionizing surgical planning, device testing, and medical education. Workflow and Techniques

Creating a cardiovascular 3D model follows a standardized digital-to-physical pipeline: