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Rising Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) lead to the breakdown of the coral-algal symbiosis. When temperatures exceed a coral's threshold for a prolonged period, the zooxanthellae are expelled, leaving the white calcium carbonate skeleton visible—a process known as bleaching. 3.2 Ocean Acidification Increased atmospheric CO2cap C cap O sub 2

is absorbed by the ocean, lowering the pH. This reduces the availability of carbonate ions, making it more difficult for corals to calcify and build their skeletons. 3.3 Local Stressors CoralReef.7z

The decline of coral cover is driven by a synergy of global and local stressors. 3.1 Global Climate Change Rising Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) lead to the

Researchers are selectively breeding corals that show higher thermal tolerance to survive future warming. This reduces the availability of carbonate ions, making

Nutrient runoff from agriculture triggers algal blooms that reduce water clarity and oxygen levels. 4. Mitigation and Restoration Strategies

Reefs are the primary protein source for over a billion people.

To combat these threats, marine biologists are employing several "active" restoration methods: