: Typically single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified through Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) . Data Types :
: Used to study the causal impact of alcohol, smoking, blood pressure, and cholesterol on various chronic diseases . ⚠️ Challenges to Validity Diseases - Mr Validity
: The genetic variants must be strongly associated with the exposure of interest. : The genetic variants affect the outcome only
: The genetic variants affect the outcome only through the exposure, with no alternative biological pathways (a phenomenon known as horizontal pleiotropy). 📊 Key Components of an MR Study "Validity" in this context refers to the that
: When a gene affects multiple traits independently, potentially biasing the causal estimate.
: Uses summary statistics from two separate groups (e.g., one group for LDL levels and another for heart disease data), which is often more cost-effective.
"Validity" in this context refers to the that a genetic instrument must satisfy to produce reliable, unbiased results. 🔬 Mendelian Randomization (MR) Report