The Hundred Years' War between England and France disrupted agricultural production and drained royal treasuries. 2. Socio-Economic Shifts
Servile labor (serfdom) began to be replaced by free labor as peasants gained leverage and began to accumulate wealth. Europe in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centurie...
The boundaries between social classes became more fluid as the nobility began to define itself through lineage rather than just military function. 4. The 15th Century: Recovery and Exploration The Hundred Years' War between England and France
This pandemic claimed approximately 25 million lives, wiping out nearly one-third of the European population. The boundaries between social classes became more fluid
A shift from the Medieval Warm Period to the "Little Ice Age" led to the Great Famine of 1315–1317, causing massive mortality even before the plague struck.
New political structures emerged as the secularization of politics began and the "absolute authority" of the Roman Catholic Church faced challenges.