International And Security Studies — Internationa...

Since the 1990s, scholars have expanded the definition of security beyond military force, a process often called "widening" (new sectors) and "deepening" (new levels).

Historically, the field was dominated by during the Cold War. International and Security Studies Internationa...

: Research now includes economic stability, energy security, and environmental threats like climate change. Since the 1990s, scholars have expanded the definition

International Security Studies (ISS) is a major sub-field of International Relations that focuses on organized violence, military conflict, and the protection of states and individuals. A review of this field covers its transition from traditional Cold War-era military strategies to modern, "widened" concerns like human and environmental security. 1. Traditional Foundations Since the 1990s