: Understanding the electromagnetic spectrum, photometry, and how light reveals the temperature, mass, and composition of stars.

: The internal structure of stars, nuclear fusion reactions, and the life cycles of stars—from formation to remnants like white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes.

: The study of the universe's origin (the Big Bang), expansion, dark matter, and dark energy. Recommended Resources

Introductory astronomy and astrophysics cover the observation and physical analysis of celestial bodies and the universe as a whole. While focuses on observing and cataloging celestial objects, astrophysics applies the laws of physics and chemistry to explain how these objects function, evolve, and interact. Core Concepts & Curriculum