Traditional inventory models often assume immediate or fixed-time delivery for all customers. However, modern e-commerce introduces , where customers choose between "spot delivery" (immediate, premium price) and "flexible/late delivery" (delayed, discounted price).

: To determine optimal inventory replenishment and demand fulfillment policies when customers are sensitive to both price and delivery time.

: ADO allows firms to use current stock for urgent orders while postponing less-urgent demand, reducing distribution costs and improving service levels. 2. Literature Review Inventory Management with Alternative Delivery Times

1. Introduction

This paper outlines a framework for , specifically focusing on the integration of flexible delivery times and alternative pickup methods like parcel lockers.