Misfits [part 2 V13.1] Link

(solar masses) in the envelope is used as a reliable indicator for Stage 0+I classification.

: Researchers use the integrated intensity of chemical tracers like HCO+cap H cap C cap O raised to the positive power (specifically a threshold of Misfits [Part 2 v13.1]

: The survey uses specific metrics to distinguish between evolutionary stages: (solar masses) in the envelope is used as

: For a source to be confirmed as a protostar in this survey, the emission must be extended but peaked directly on the source to rule out unrelated nearby emission. Misfits [Part 2 v13.1]

You can find the full research documentation on the IOPscience portal . THE REAL SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD PROTOSTARS - IOPscience

: A central star and disk embedded within a dense envelope.