Pachinko 90%

It analyzes why pachinko is often legally categorized as "amusement" rather than "gambling" in Japan, which historically downplayed issues of addiction and connections to organized crime.

You can find the abstract and full details via ResearchGate or Taylor & Francis . Literary & Historical Analysis Pachinko

If you are interested in the actual game and its role in Japanese society, the paper published in International Gambling Studies is a primary scholarly source. It analyzes why pachinko is often legally categorized

“Pachinko has a low initial stake; can stimulate visual and aural senses... and can seduce players into continuous play.” ResearchGate · 17 years ago Pachinko