Having extra complete sets of chromosomes (common in plants).
Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together, defying independent assortment. Principles of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Not all genes are "on" at once; cells regulate expression based on environmental signals and developmental stages. 5. Modern Extensions Having extra complete sets of chromosomes (common in plants)
Deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations (where segments of chromosomes break and reattach elsewhere). 4. Molecular Foundations Principles of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Cytogenetics identifies abnormalities that lead to genetic disorders: