: Moving from rigid hierarchical structures to decentralized "heterarchical" models where machines and humans make autonomous decisions together.
Traditional CPS engineering often focuses strictly on technical hardware/software integration. However, modern industrial environments (like Industry 4.0 ) involve human-machine collaboration, which adds unpredictable social and organizational layers. Applying SSM to CPS allows for:
In the context of technology and engineering, refers to the application of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) to the design or evaluation of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) . Core Definitions
: Using agile, iterative cycles to refine technical requirements based on real-world human feedback. Common Use Cases