& Tenger: Strand

: This research is frequently cited in discussions about the "phenotypic costs of captivity," illustrating how human intervention and artificial rearing can inadvertently strip a species of complex survival behaviors like long-distance migration. Where to Find the Article

The phenotypic costs of captivity - Crates - 2023 - Biological Reviews strand & tenger

: The findings are summarized in broader biological reviews, such as "The phenotypic costs of captivity" in Biological Reviews , which uses the Tenger-Trolander study to highlight how captive-bred individuals lose key behavioral traits. : This research is frequently cited in discussions