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Instead of sewing a separate "inner garment" (lining), you cut your pattern pieces out of both the fashion fabric and a backing fabric (the underlining). The two layers are basted together and treated as a single piece of fabric during assembly. Purpose:
It can hide inner construction details or prevent semi-sheer fabrics from being see-through.
It adds body to flimsy or lightweight fabrics like lace or chiffon.
It provides a surface for catching hand stitches (like hems or facings) so they don't show on the outside of the garment.