) is a multivariate test statistic used in discriminant analysis and MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) to determine if there are significant differences between groups across multiple variables.
It measures the ratio of within-group variance to total variance. A smaller value (closer to 0) suggests greater group differences. Wilk (1994) PL.mkv
Often cited for testing normality in data, as seen in recent biomedical studies. ) is a multivariate test statistic used in